Chevrolet Volt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Chevrolet Volt. 20. Chevrolet Volt. Overview. Manufacturer. General Motors. Also called. Holden Volt. Opel Ampera. Vauxhall Ampera. Production. December 2. Global combined Volt/Ampera family sales totaled more than 1. June 2. 01. 6, with the U. S. Canada is the world's second largest market, with more than 6,7. Volts sold through June 2. The Volt/Ampera family of vehicles is the world's all- time best- selling plug- in hybrid vehicle as of August 2. From there its internal combustion engine powers an electric generator to extend the vehicle's range as needed. When the engine is running it may be periodically mechanically linked (by a clutch) to a planetary gear set, and hence the output drive axle, to improve energy efficiency. The Volt's regenerative braking also contributes to the on- board electricity generation. Under the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cycle, the 2. Volt all- electric range is 3. US (3. 8 L/1. 00 km; 7. MPG- equivalent). The second generation Volt improved battery system and drivetrain increased the all- electric range to 5. EPA rated fuel economy in charge- sustaining mode to 4. US (5. 6 L/1. 00 km; 5. MPG- e, up from 9. MPG- e. Controversies regarding the Volt include the extent to which the U. S. When the battery capacity drops below a pre- established threshold from full charge, the vehicle enters charge- sustaining mode, and the Volt's control system will select the most optimally efficient drive mode to improve performance and boost high- speed efficiency. This was a significant change in design when compared to the General Motors EV1 of the 1. The top speed was also increased on the Volt, from the electronically limited 8. Antenna webdesign torrent download on Megatorrent.eu search - Antenna Web Design Studio 3 5 488, HFSS v13 Update 13 0 2 Antenna Design Kit Working fix, Microwave Antenna Theory and Design IEEE Electromagnetic Waves, Kraftwerk. Kraftwerk - Antenna.mpg : 31.4Mb: Kraftwerk - Autobahn - 1979 Animation(High Quality & in Color).mpeg : 161Mb: kraftwerk - Barcelona - 18-06-98 - Home Computer (small stretch).mpeg : 10.0Mb: Kraftwerk - Den Atelier. The battery pack size was reduced, from about 1. L) in volume in the EV1, to 3. L) in the Volt. A key design parameter was a target of 4.
U. S. 7. 8 percent of daily commuters travel 4. This target range would allow most travel to be accomplished electrically driven and the assumption was made that charging will take place at home overnight. This requirement translated using a lithium- ion battery pack with an energy storage capacity of 1. Wh considering that the battery would be used until the state of charge (SOC) of the battery reached 3. This limit to the SOC was necessary in order to maintain operational performance under a wide range of environments, and to minimize the battery degradation to allow at least a ten- year life span. The initial target range for the gasoline engine/generator was set between 2. The E- Flex or Voltec powertrain is an attempt to standardize many components of possible future electrically propelled vehicles, and to allow multiple interchangeable electricity- generating systems. The E- Flex powertrain has the potential to adapt the vehicles to pure battery electric, to fuel cell- powered or to several other sources of energy to create electricity on board, such as engine- generator sets (genset) fueled by gasoline, diesel, biodiesel, ethanol fuel (E1. E8. 5). Regenerative braking would also contribute to the on- board electricity generation. Antenna torrent download on Megatorrent.eu search - Antenna Web Design Studio 3 5 488, HFSS v13 Update 13 0 2 Antenna Design Kit Working fix, Microwave Antenna Theory and Design IEEE Electromagnetic Waves, Kraftwerk Antenna. Kraftwerk - Antenna.mpg Add to favorites 03:09; Play Download. Il duo dei Jalisse, ricordano Lucio Dalla a TgTreviso-Antenna 3 Nord Est. Add to favorites 00:44; Play Download. 2011-09-18 381MB 15 8. 02 J J J Antenna by MBMC./hrr34bys-dj0ymmsw6jsxhng/02.J.J.J.Antenna.by.MBMC zona-musical.com/postt92434.html. 02.J.J.J.Antenna.by.MBMC. General Motors called this genset an electric vehicle (EV) range extender. The vehicle was propelled by an electric motor with a peak output of 1. W (1. 60 hp) delivering 2. Nm) of motoring torque. The concept car featured several advanced materials from GE Automotive Plastics which allowed GM to reduce the vehicle weight up to 5. The Volt concept featured a 1. US gal (4. 5 L; 1. US (4. 7 L/1. 00 km; 6. According to General Motors estimates, a daily drive of 6. US (1. 6 L/1. 00 km; 1. Robert Lutz added that if the driver used E8. General Motors also noted that actual production of the Volt depended on further battery development, because the required rechargeable batteries needed to make the Volt a viable vehicle did not exist in the market and had yet to be developed. The carmaker cited necessary aerodynamic changes needed to reduce the concept car's high drag coefficient of Cd=0. Another reason was the use of General Motors' new global compact vehicle platform Delta II to keep costs reasonable, and shared with the 2. Chevrolet Cruze. Another significant difference from the concept car is the seating, as the production Volt seats four rather than five passengers. This change was due to the higher- than- usual central tunnel that runs from the front console to the rear seat that houses the car's T- shaped battery pack. The carmaker evaluated about twenty- five different battery cell chemistries and constructions from around two dozen lithium- ion battery makers around the world. Due to their more promising cell technologies, two companies were selected in June 2. Compact Power (CPI), which uses a lithium manganese oxide (Li. Mn. 2O4) cell made by its parent company, LG Chemical; and Continental Automotive Systems, which uses lithium iron phosphate based cylindrical cells made by A1. Systems. General Motors testing process was conducted at the laboratory the carmaker had created for the GM EV1 program. The battery packs included monitoring systems designed to keep the batteries cool and operating at optimum capacity despite a wide range of ambient temperatures. In order to make sure the battery pack would last ten years and 1. Volt team decided to use only half of the 1. Wh capacity to reduce the rate of capacity degradation, limiting the state of charge (SOC) up to 8. According to GM, as of August 2. In two years the carmaker put the battery packs to the equivalent of 1. The durability of the battery pack was tested for a broad range of extreme ambient conditions including a shaker table to simulate potholes and a thermal chamber, to simulate temperatures varying from 1. In April 2. 00. 8 the lithium- ion battery pack was placed in Chevrolet Malibus fitted with the Volt powertrain to be used as test mules for further real- world testing. The first Volt built for retail sale was earmarked for display at General Motors' Heritage Center museum in Sterling Heights, Michigan. The proceeds went to fund math and sciences education in Detroit through the Detroit Public Schools Foundation. No external charging station is required. Capacity of the battery pack was increased to 1. Wh (1. 0. 9 k. Wh usable) for 2. Other specifications remained the same. The battery pack capacity was increased to 1. Wh for 2. 01. 5 models. This incremental upgrade is likely to reflect in an improvement in range over previous model years, but as of July 2. The vehicle also has a regenerative braking system. The electrical power from the generator is sent primarily to the electric motor, with the excess going to the batteries, depending on the state of charge (SOC) of the battery pack and the power demanded at the wheels. Also the engine management system monitors the time between engine running and it is programmed to prompt the driver to run past the 4. If the driver does not run on gasoline, the system will automatically run the maintenance mode which starts the engine to consume some of the aging fuel and circulate the fluids within the engine. This facilitates higher efficiency and better mileage for the combined system, without increasing the maximum power. Single motor extended . The engine drives the secondary motor which now works as a generator, via the charging electronics, to keep the minimum battery charge level. The primary motor can still provide its 1. W for short acceleration, albeit not sustained. Dual motor extended . Additionally the gasoline engine contributes propulsion power via the planetary gear. While power is drained from the battery the amount is less than in mode 2 for the same propulsion power, thus extending the range. The drivetrain permits the Volt to operate as a pure battery electric vehicle until its battery capacity has been depleted to a defined level, at which time it commences to operate as a series hybrid design where the gasoline engine drives the generator, which keeps the battery at minimum level charge and provides power to the electric motors. The full charge of the battery is replenished only by loading it on the electrical grid. While in this series mode at higher speeds and loads, (typically above 3. Volt operates as a power- split or series- parallel hybrid. After its all- electric range has been depleted, at speeds between 3. Volt is programmed to select the most efficient drive mode, which improves performance and boosts high- speed efficiency by 1. The mountain mode, which is expected to be required only under unusual power demand conditions, increases minimum battery state of charge (SOC) to around 4. The driver will hear more engine noise due to the higher rate of power generation required to maintain this mode. Plastic frames hold pairs of lithium- ion cells that sandwich an aluminum cooling fin. The design and construction of that aluminum plate was critical to ensuring an even temperature distribution with no hot or cool spots across the flat, rectangular cell. The battery pack has its own cooling circuit that is similar to, but independent from, the engine cooling system. For this reason the battery pack never fully charges or depletes, as the software only allows the battery to operate within a state of charge (SOC) window of 6. The minimum SOC varies depending on operating conditions. When more power is required, such as mountain mode, the lower limit of the SOC will rise to 4. These changes will increase the Volt's all- electric range but charging will take slightly longer. The improved battery performance and durability were achieved through minor changes to the material composition of the battery cell chemistry. Li- ion batteries are expected to become less expensive as economies of scale take effect. The Volt's battery pack provides reliable operation, when plugged in, at cell temperatures as low as . Blastr. Creator Michael Schur spills on NBC's The Good Place, Kristen Bell and Ted Danson, as he ponders what if life's the ultimate video game and Heaven's the prize?
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